What to see in Lisbon

The Calouste Gulbenkian Museum, nestled within a serene park in Lisbon, houses one of the world's most remarkable private art collections, a testament to the discerning taste and philanthropic vision of its founder, Calouste Sarkis Gulbenkian. Born in Scutari, Ottoman Empire (modern-day Üsküdar, Turkey) in 1869, Gulbenkian was an Armenian businessman and philanthropist who amassed an immense fortune primarily through his involvement in the oil industry, playing a pivotal role in the establishment of the Turkish Petroleum Company (later the Iraq Petroleum Company). His passion for art began early in life, and over six decades, he meticulously acquired an extraordinary array of pieces, spanning diverse cultures and historical periods. Fleeing Paris during World War II, Gulbenkian settled in Lisbon in 1942, where he spent his final years. Upon his death in 1955, he bequeathed his entire collection, along with his considerable wealth, to Portugal to establish a foundation dedicated to art, education, and science. This generous act transformed Lisbon into a significant cultural hub, making the museum a truly unmissable stop when considering what to see in Lisbon.

Stepping into the Calouste Gulbenkian Museum offers a unique journey through art history, showcasing masterpieces from antiquity to the early 20th century. You'll encounter an impressive collection of Egyptian artifacts, including intricate funerary masks and ancient sculptures, alongside exquisite Greco-Roman art, featuring delicate ceramics and stunning jewelry. The Islamic art section is particularly rich, with Persian carpets, illuminated manuscripts, and intricate ceramics that reflect centuries of artistic innovation. European art is well-represented, with works by Old Masters such as Rubens, Rembrandt, and Degas, offering a comprehensive overview of various artistic movements. A true highlight is the collection of Art Nouveau jewelry and glass by René Lalique, a personal favorite of Gulbenkian, displayed in a dedicated, dimly lit gallery that enhances their ethereal beauty. The museum's design, a modernist masterpiece itself, allows the art to breathe, with natural light illuminating many of the galleries and large windows offering views of the surrounding gardens.

Beyond the main collection, the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation complex also includes a Modern Art Centre, showcasing Portuguese and international contemporary art, and a beautiful garden that invites leisurely strolls. The tranquil gardens, designed by Gonçalo Ribeiro Telles and António Viana Barreto, are a perfect place to relax after exploring the galleries, featuring lakes, walking paths, and diverse flora. You can also find a delightful cafe and restaurant within the museum complex, offering a pleasant spot for a coffee or a meal amidst the cultural ambiance. This allows you to extend your visit and fully immerse yourself in the serene environment.

The Jerónimos Monastery, or Mosteiro dos Jerónimos, stands as a magnificent testament to Portugal's Age of Discoveries, located in the historic Belém district of Lisbon. This UNESCO World Heritage site is a prime example of the unique Manueline architectural style, characterized by its intricate maritime motifs and elaborate stonework. Commissioned by King Manuel I in 1501, its construction was largely funded by the wealth flowing into Portugal from the spice trade, particularly after Vasco da Gama's successful voyage to India. The monastery was originally intended to house the monks of the Order of Saint Jerome, who were tasked with praying for the king's soul and providing spiritual guidance to seafarers. Its strategic location near the Tagus River estuary made it a symbolic starting point for many of the epic voyages that shaped global history.

As you explore this iconic structure, you'll quickly understand why it's considered one of the most captivating Lisbon attractions. The sheer scale and detail of the monastery are breathtaking, from the ornate South Portal, a masterpiece of Manueline sculpture, to the stunning two-story cloister. Stroll through the tranquil arcades of the cloister, admiring the delicate tracery and the gargoyles that adorn its columns, each telling a story of the era. Inside the Church of Santa Maria, you'll find the tombs of some of Portugal's most revered figures, including the explorer Vasco da Gama himself, whose sarcophagus rests near the entrance, and the celebrated poet Luís de Camões, author of "Os Lusíadas," an epic poem celebrating Portugal's maritime achievements. The monastery remarkably survived the devastating 1755 Lisbon earthquake, a testament to its robust construction, though some restoration work was required.

A visit to the Jerónimos Monastery offers a profound connection to Portugal's golden age. Beyond its historical and architectural grandeur, the monastery's proximity to other Belém landmarks enhances the experience. Just a short walk away, you can savor the world-famous Pastéis de Belém at the historic bakery, a tradition dating back to the monastery's original recipe. Time your visit to appreciate the interplay of light and shadow within the cloisters, especially during the late afternoon, which highlights the intricate details of the stonework.

The Praça do Comércio stands as one of Europe's most magnificent squares, a grand, open expanse that gracefully meets the Tagus River in Lisbon's heart. This iconic waterfront plaza, often referred to as Terreiro do Paço (Palace Yard) due to its history, was once the site of the Paço da Ribeira, the Royal Palace, which tragically succumbed to the devastating 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami. Following this catastrophe, the square was meticulously rebuilt under the visionary guidance of Marquis of Pombal, becoming a symbol of Lisbon's resilience and a testament to enlightened urban planning. Its symmetrical arcaded buildings, painted in a warm yellow, frame the square, leading your gaze towards the majestic Arco da Rua Augusta, a triumphal arch adorned with statues of prominent Portuguese figures like Vasco da Gama and the Marquis of Pombal himself, celebrating the nation's glorious past.

Strolling across Praça do Comércio, you'll feel the pulse of Lisbon's history and its vibrant present. The central equestrian statue of King José I, who reigned during the earthquake and entrusted Pombal with the city's reconstruction, proudly overlooks the square, a constant reminder of the city's rebirth. This expansive square is undoubtedly one of the best places to visit in Lisbon, offering breathtaking views of the river, especially at sunset, and serving as a grand entrance to the bustling Baixa district. It's a place where locals and visitors alike gather, where major events unfold, and where you can simply soak in the atmosphere of a city deeply connected to its maritime heritage. The square's name, "Commerce Square," reflects its historical role as a hub for trade and a gateway for goods arriving by sea, underscoring its enduring significance.

As you explore, consider a stop at Martinho da Arcada, one of Lisbon's oldest and most renowned cafes, nestled under the arcades of the square. This historic establishment, a favorite haunt of the celebrated poet Fernando Pessoa, offers a glimpse into Lisbon's literary past and a perfect spot to savor a coffee while observing the square's lively activity.

The Miradouro da Senhora do Monte, perched high in the charming Graça neighborhood, offers one of Lisbon's most breathtaking and expansive panoramic views. From this elevated vantage point, you can gaze upon a sweeping vista that includes the majestic São Jorge Castle dominating the skyline, the intricate grid of the Baixa district, and the shimmering expanse of the Tagus River stretching towards the Atlantic. Beyond, your eyes can follow the iconic silhouette of the 25 de Abril Bridge and the distant, serene figure of the Cristo Rei statue across the river. This viewpoint is often considered an insider favorite among the many "miradouros" of Lisbon, providing a truly comprehensive perspective on the city's diverse landscape and architectural beauty. It’s a place where you can truly appreciate the unique topography that defines what to see in Lisbon, from its historic core to its modern landmarks.

Adjacent to the viewpoint stands the small, historic Chapel of Nossa Senhora do Monte, which gives the miradouro its name, meaning "Our Lady of the Hill." This chapel, originally dating back to the 12th century, was rebuilt after the devastating 1755 earthquake that reshaped much of Lisbon. It holds particular significance as it is dedicated to São Gens de Lisboa, believed to be Lisbon's first bishop, who, according to legend, was martyred on this very hill and buried within the chapel grounds. An intriguing anecdote associated with the chapel is the "Chair of São Gens," a stone chair inside where pregnant women traditionally sit, believing it will grant them an easy childbirth. This blend of stunning natural beauty, historical depth, and local folklore makes the Miradouro da Senhora do Monte a compelling stop on your Lisbon itinerary, offering more than just a view but a glimpse into the city's soul.

Time your visit to the Miradouro da Senhora do Monte for late afternoon or sunset to witness the city bathed in golden light, a truly magical experience as the lights of Lisbon begin to twinkle below. While popular, it often feels less crowded than some of the more central viewpoints, allowing for a more serene and authentic experience. The surrounding Graça neighborhood itself is a delightful area to explore, characterized by its narrow, winding streets, traditional tiled buildings, and a genuine local atmosphere. After soaking in the views, you might consider wandering through Graça to discover its charming local cafes and tascas, where you can savor authentic Portuguese flavors and experience daily life away from the main tourist thoroughfares.

The Miradouro das Portas do Sol, or "Gates of the Sun Viewpoint," offers one of Lisbon's most iconic and breathtaking panoramic vistas. Perched high above the historic Alfama district, this viewpoint provides an unparalleled perspective of the city's oldest neighborhood, stretching down to the shimmering Tagus River. From this vantage point, you can admire the labyrinthine alleys, the terracotta rooftops, and the numerous churches that define Alfama's unique charm. The viewpoint itself is situated on the site of one of the main gates of the ancient Moorish city wall, the Cerca Moura, which once protected Lisbon. This historical significance adds another layer to your visit, as you stand where centuries of history have unfolded, from Roman times through the Moorish occupation and beyond. It’s a place where the past truly meets the present, inviting you to imagine the bustling life that once passed through these very gates.

Visiting the Miradouro das Portas do Sol is an essential part of understanding the soul of Lisbon. It’s not just about the view; it’s about immersing yourself in the city's narrative. Here, you'll find the striking statue of São Vicente, Lisbon's patron saint, depicted holding a caravel with two ravens, a powerful symbol referencing the legend of his body being transported to the city. This spot is particularly magical during sunrise or sunset, when the light bathes the city in golden hues, making it a photographer's dream. As you contemplate what to see in Lisbon, consider this viewpoint as a perfect starting point for exploring the narrow, winding streets of Alfama below, leading you to hidden Fado houses, traditional taverns, and quaint local shops. The atmosphere here is often lively, with street artists and musicians adding to the vibrant ambiance, making it a wonderful place to simply relax and soak in the local culture.

Beyond its historical allure and stunning views, the Miradouro das Portas do Sol serves as a gateway to further discoveries. Just a short stroll away, you can find charming local establishments that embody Lisbon's culinary spirit. For instance, the renowned Chapitô à Mesa, a restaurant and bar with a unique setting and often live music, is located very close by, offering another fantastic spot to enjoy a meal or a drink with a view. This proximity to authentic local experiences, combined with its historical depth and visual splendor, makes the Miradouro das Portas do Sol a truly unmissable destination.

The Alfama district invites you to step back in time, offering a captivating journey through Lisbon's oldest and most charismatic neighborhood. Nestled on a hillside between São Jorge Castle and the Tejo River, this ancient quarter is a labyrinth of narrow, winding streets, hidden squares, and whitewashed houses adorned with colorful tiles. Its name, derived from the Arabic "Al-hamma," meaning "hot springs" or "baths," hints at its Moorish origins, which are still palpable in its intricate urban fabric. Unlike much of Lisbon, Alfama largely survived the devastating 1755 earthquake, preserving its medieval layout and a sense of timeless authenticity that makes it truly unique.

As you wander through its charming alleys, you'll discover why Alfama is consistently listed among the best places to visit in Lisbon. The district is home to some of the city's most iconic landmarks, including the imposing Lisbon Cathedral (Sé de Lisboa), a formidable Romanesque structure built on the site of a former mosque, and the majestic São Jorge Castle, offering panoramic views that stretch across the city's rooftops to the river. Don't miss the various miradouros or viewpoints, such as Miradouro das Portas do Sol and Miradouro de Santa Luzia, where you can pause and soak in breathtaking vistas, often accompanied by street musicians. The district's resilience and rich history are evident at every turn, from ancient Roman ruins to the echoes of Moorish life.

Beyond its historical sites, Alfama pulsates with the soulful rhythm of Fado, Portugal's melancholic musical genre. Many traditional Fado houses, or casas de Fado, are tucked away in its nooks, inviting you to experience an evening of heartfelt performances. Explore the vibrant Feira da Ladra, Lisbon's oldest flea market, held every Tuesday and Saturday near the National Pantheon, where you can hunt for unique treasures. For a taste of local life, savor traditional Portuguese cuisine at one of the many family-run restaurants. After a day of exploration, consider dining at Pateo 13, a beloved local restaurant known for its traditional Portuguese dishes and vibrant atmosphere, or immerse yourself in the soulful sounds of Fado at a renowned house like Clube de Fado, where the walls seem to whisper tales of the past.

The National Azulejo Museum in Lisbon offers a captivating journey through the art of Portuguese tile-making, known as azulejos. Housed within the magnificent former Convento da Madre de Deus, founded in 1509 by Queen Leonor, this museum is dedicated to preserving and showcasing the rich history and artistic evolution of these decorative ceramic tiles. As you step inside, you'll immediately appreciate the stunning architecture of the convent itself, which provides a perfect backdrop for the vibrant collection. The museum's exhibits trace the development of azulejos from their Moorish origins in the 15th century, through the intricate patterns of the Renaissance, the opulent Baroque period, and up to contemporary designs. You'll discover how these tiles transformed from simple functional elements into an integral part of Portuguese identity and architectural expression.

Exploring the National Azulejo Museum is an immersive experience that reveals why it stands out among the best places to visit in Lisbon for those seeking a deeper understanding of the city's artistic soul. One of the absolute highlights is the "Great Lisbon Panorama," a monumental 23-meter-long tile panel depicting Lisbon before the devastating 1755 earthquake. This intricate piece offers a unique historical snapshot of the city's skyline and provides a poignant contrast to its modern appearance. You'll also encounter exquisite examples of azulejos from different eras, including those influenced by King Manuel I's visit to Seville in the early 16th century, which spurred the widespread adoption of azulejos in Portugal. The museum beautifully illustrates how these tiles were used not only on building facades but also inside churches, palaces, and private homes, reflecting social status and artistic trends. Don't miss the stunning Baroque church of the convent, adorned with gilded carvings and more magnificent azulejos, offering a truly breathtaking display of Portuguese artistry.

Beyond the main exhibits, the museum provides fascinating insights into the techniques of azulejo production, from the initial clay preparation to the firing and glazing processes. You'll learn about the master artisans who dedicated their lives to this craft and the various styles that emerged over centuries. After your exploration, take a moment to relax at the museum's charming cafe, located in one of the convent's cloisters. It's a delightful spot to reflect on the beauty you've witnessed, perhaps enjoying a traditional Portuguese pastry. While the museum is located slightly outside the most central tourist areas, its unique focus and the sheer beauty of its collection make the journey worthwhile.

The Belém Tower, officially known as the Tower of Saint Vincent, stands majestically on the northern bank of the Tagus River in Lisbon, Portugal. This iconic fortress, a masterpiece of Manueline architecture, was constructed between 1514 and 1519 by the architect Francisco de Arruda during the reign of King Manuel I. Its primary purpose was to defend the entrance to Lisbon's harbor, serving as a gateway for explorers and a formidable part of the city's defense system. The tower's intricate stonework, adorned with nautical motifs, armillary spheres, and the Cross of the Order of Christ, vividly tells the story of Portugal's Age of Discoveries. A particularly intriguing detail you'll notice is the rhinoceros gargoyle, believed to be the first depiction of a rhinoceros in Western European art, a testament to the exotic animals brought back from voyages.

As one of the best places to visit in Lisbon, the Belém Tower offers a profound connection to Portugal's maritime past. Imagine the caravels and galleons departing from this very spot, carrying legendary navigators like Vasco da Gama and Pedro Álvares Cabral on their epic journeys across the oceans. Beyond its defensive role, the tower also served as a lighthouse and, later, as a state prison, holding political prisoners in its dungeons. Walking through its various levels, from the governor's chamber to the king's audience room and the chapel, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for its multifaceted history. The views from the top terrace are simply breathtaking, offering panoramic vistas of the Tagus River, the 25 de Abril Bridge, and the surrounding Belém district.

After immersing yourself in the tower's rich history, take a short stroll through the charming Belém neighborhood. You absolutely must visit the world-renowned Pastéis de Belém bakery, just a few minutes' walk from the tower. Savor their warm, custard tarts, dusted with cinnamon and powdered sugar – an authentic taste of Lisbon that perfectly complements your historical exploration.

The Santa Justa Lift, known locally as the Elevador de Santa Justa, is an architectural marvel nestled in the heart of Lisbon, connecting the lower Baixa district with the higher Chiado and Carmo squares. Designed by Raoul Mesnier du Ponsard, an apprentice of Gustave Eiffel, this intricate iron structure, inaugurated in 1902, immediately draws your eye with its neo-Gothic arches and delicate filigree. It was originally steam-powered, a testament to early 20th-century engineering, before being electrified in 1907. This impressive vertical street elevator was conceived to overcome Lisbon's steep hills, providing a vital link for residents and visitors alike, making it one of the most distinctive and functional pieces of urban infrastructure in the city. Its historical significance and unique design firmly establish it as one of the best places to visit in Lisbon, offering more than just a ride; it's a journey through the city's past.

Ascending the Santa Justa Lift offers you a truly memorable experience. As you rise, the panoramic views of Lisbon unfold before your eyes, revealing the terracotta rooftops of the Baixa, the majestic ruins of the Carmo Convent, and the shimmering Tagus River in the distance. From the top platform, you can capture stunning photographs of the city's sprawling landscape, particularly beautiful at sunset when the light bathes the city in a golden glow. The lift's intricate ironwork, reminiscent of the Eiffel Tower, showcases the industrial artistry of its era, inviting you to appreciate the craftsmanship that went into its creation. After enjoying the breathtaking vistas, you can easily access the Carmo Convent ruins, a poignant reminder of the 1755 earthquake, or explore the vibrant Chiado district. For a delightful post-lift treat, stroll just a few steps to Café A Brasileira, a historic coffee house where you can savor a traditional Portuguese coffee in an iconic setting, once frequented by literary figures.

The Lisbon Cathedral, officially known as Santa Maria Maior de Lisboa, stands as a resilient sentinel in the heart of Lisbon, a testament to the city's enduring spirit and rich history. Dating back to 1147, shortly after King Afonso Henriques reconquered Lisbon from the Moors, this venerable structure was built on the site of a former mosque, symbolizing the dawn of a new era for Portugal. Its imposing Romanesque façade, flanked by two sturdy bell towers, has withstood centuries of challenges, including the devastating 1755 earthquake that reshaped much of the city, yet the cathedral proudly retains its original character, offering a profound glimpse into Lisbon's medieval past.

As you explore what to see in Lisbon, the Lisbon Cathedral offers a profound journey through time. Step inside to discover a fascinating blend of architectural styles, a living chronicle of the city's evolution. While predominantly Romanesque, you'll notice Gothic additions, particularly in the magnificent rose window and the impressive cloister, which was built during the reign of King Dinis in the 13th century. The cloister, a serene oasis, also houses ongoing archaeological excavations that have unearthed layers of Lisbon's past, revealing Roman, Visigothic, and Moorish foundations beneath the current structure. Don't miss the Treasury, located in the sacristy, where you can admire a collection of precious religious artifacts, including ancient manuscripts, vestments, and jewels. The cathedral also holds the tomb of Saint Vincent of Saragossa, the patron saint of Lisbon, whose relics were brought here in the 12th century.

Visiting the Lisbon Cathedral is not just about admiring architecture; it's about connecting with the soul of the city. You'll feel the weight of history in its ancient stones and appreciate the resilience that has allowed it to stand for nearly nine centuries. Its strategic location, nestled between the historic Alfama district and the bustling Baixa, makes it an ideal starting point for further exploration. After immersing yourself in the cathedral's grandeur, consider a short stroll to Confeitaria Nacional, one of Lisbon's oldest and most revered bakeries in Baixa, established in 1829.

The Time Out Market Lisbon, housed within the historic Mercado da Ribeira, offers a vibrant culinary experience that beautifully blends tradition with modern gastronomy. Originally established in 1892, the Mercado da Ribeira served as Lisbon's main food market for over a century, a bustling hub where locals sourced fresh produce, fish, and meat. Its grand iron structure, typical of 19th-century market architecture, stands as a testament to Lisbon's rich commercial past. In 2014, Time Out magazine transformed a significant portion of this traditional market into the innovative food hall you see today. This ambitious project aimed to curate the best of Lisbon's food scene under one roof, inviting renowned chefs, established restaurants, and beloved local vendors to set up stalls. This transformation has made the market a must-visit destination for anyone exploring what to see in Lisbon, offering a unique opportunity to sample the city's diverse culinary landscape without having to traverse multiple neighborhoods.

When you step inside the Time Out Market Lisbon, you are greeted by an energetic atmosphere, a symphony of aromas, and an incredible array of choices. You'll find everything from Michelin-starred chef concepts to traditional Portuguese dishes, gourmet burgers, fresh seafood, and delectable pastries. This curated approach ensures a high standard of quality across all vendors, making it an ideal spot for groups with varied tastes. Beyond the food stalls, the market also features a dedicated area for drinks, including craft beers and Portuguese wines, and sometimes hosts cooking workshops or live music events, adding to its dynamic appeal. It’s not just a place to eat; it’s a social hub where locals and visitors alike gather to share meals and experiences. Its location in Cais do Sodré, a revitalized riverside district, places it conveniently close to other attractions like the Pink Street and the ferry terminal for Cacilhas, making it an excellent stop during a day of sightseeing. You can easily combine a visit here with a stroll along the Tagus River or an exploration of the nearby historic streets.

Visiting the Time Out Market Lisbon provides a fantastic insight into the city's contemporary food culture while respecting its historical roots. It's a testament to Lisbon's ability to innovate while preserving its heritage. While the market can get quite busy, especially during peak lunch and dinner hours, the communal seating areas are designed to accommodate a large number of visitors. For a more relaxed experience, consider visiting during off-peak times or enjoying a coffee and pastry from one of the excellent bakeries within the market, such as Manteigaria, famous for its pastel de nata, which has a stall here. This allows you to savor the ambiance without the bustling crowds.

The Bairro Alto, Lisbon's iconic "Upper Quarter," is a historic neighborhood perched atop one of the city's seven hills, renowned for its unique dual personality. By day, you'll discover a tranquil labyrinth of narrow, cobbled streets, adorned with traditional Portuguese tiles and colorful facades. This charming district, established in the late 16th century, was originally conceived as a planned residential area for the city's burgeoning population, a stark contrast to the organic, winding alleys found in older parts of Lisbon. Its grid-like layout, a rarity for its time, allowed for more organized development, and many of its buildings still retain their original architectural character, offering a glimpse into Lisbon's past. As you wander through its quiet lanes, you'll encounter small, independent boutiques, artisan workshops, and quaint cafes, perfect for a leisurely exploration. It’s a place where you can truly feel the pulse of authentic Lisbon life before the evening energy takes over.

As the sun sets, Bairro Alto undergoes a remarkable transformation, shedding its daytime serenity to become the vibrant heart of Lisbon's nightlife. The once-quiet streets burst into life, filled with the chatter of locals and visitors alike, spilling out from countless bars, restaurants, and traditional Fado houses. This is where you can truly immerse yourself in the city's bohemian spirit, a legacy that dates back to the 19th and 20th centuries when the neighborhood became a favored haunt for artists, writers, and journalists. For an authentic cultural experience, seek out a Fado performance at a renowned spot like Tasca do Chico, where you can savor traditional Portuguese cuisine accompanied by the soulful, melancholic melodies that define this UNESCO-recognized musical genre. Beyond its nocturnal allure, Bairro Alto offers breathtaking panoramic views of the city, particularly from the Miradouro de São Pedro de Alcântara, a stunning viewpoint that provides an expansive vista over Baixa and Castelo de São Jorge. When considering what to see in Lisbon, a visit to Bairro Alto is essential not only for its vibrant evenings but also for its historical depth and architectural charm.

To fully appreciate Bairro Alto, embrace walking, as its narrow streets are largely pedestrianized. You can easily access the neighborhood from lower Lisbon areas via the historic funiculars, such as the picturesque Elevador da Bica or the Elevador da Glória, which themselves offer a delightful journey and iconic photo opportunities. Just a short stroll away, you'll find the elegant Chiado district, home to grand theaters, historic bookstores, and famous cafes like A Brasileira, a perfect spot for a coffee break after exploring Bairro Alto. The proximity to Chiado means you can seamlessly transition from the bohemian charm of the Upper Quarter to the more sophisticated shopping and cultural experiences of downtown Lisbon.

The São Jorge Castle stands majestically atop the highest hill in Lisbon, offering a commanding presence over the city and the Tagus River. This historic fortress is not merely a castle but a testament to Lisbon's rich and complex past, with roots tracing back to Roman, Visigothic, and Moorish periods before its definitive capture by the Portuguese. Its strategic location made it a crucial defensive stronghold for centuries, witnessing countless sieges and transformations. When you visit, you are stepping onto ground that has been continuously inhabited and fortified for over two millennia, providing a unique window into the city's evolution. The castle's walls enclose a fascinating archaeological site, revealing layers of history from different eras, including remnants of the Moorish palace and earlier Iron Age settlements.

Exploring the São Jorge Castle is an essential part of understanding what to see in Lisbon, as it offers more than just historical ruins. You can stroll along the ancient battlements, climb the various towers for unparalleled panoramic views of the Baixa district, the Tagus River, and beyond, or simply relax in the shaded gardens where peacocks roam freely. Don't miss the Camera Obscura, located in one of the castle's towers, which provides a live, 360-degree projection of the city below, offering a unique perspective on Lisbon's urban landscape. The permanent exhibition, Olisipónia, delves into the history of Lisbon from its earliest settlements to the present day, enriching your understanding of the city's heritage. The castle was famously reconquered from the Moors by Afonso Henriques, the first King of Portugal, in 1147, an event that marked a pivotal moment in Portuguese history and solidified the castle's place as a national symbol.

After immersing yourself in the castle's history, consider wandering down through the charming, labyrinthine streets of the Alfama district, which clings to the castle's slopes. This historic neighborhood is home to traditional Fado houses and quaint eateries. For a delightful culinary stop nearby, you might seek out a traditional pastelaria or a local tasca in Alfama or Mouraria, such as Pois Café or Chapitô à Mesa, both offering a unique atmosphere and local flavors, just a short walk from the castle's entrance. The castle grounds also feature a small archaeological museum and a restaurant, allowing you to extend your visit and savor the atmosphere.