What to see in Istanbul

The Hagia Sophia, a monumental structure nestled in the heart of Istanbul, stands as a profound testament to centuries of history, faith, and architectural innovation. Originally consecrated as a Christian cathedral in 537 AD under the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, it served as the patriarchal cathedral of the imperial capital for nearly a thousand years. Its colossal dome, a marvel of engineering for its time, continues to inspire awe, seemingly floating above the vast interior space. When the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II, conquered Constantinople in 1453, the Hagia Sophia was transformed into a mosque, a role it maintained for almost five centuries. This conversion saw the addition of minarets, a mihrab, and a minbar, seamlessly blending Islamic architectural elements with its existing Byzantine grandeur. Later, in 1935, under the secular vision of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, it was re-established as a museum, allowing visitors from all faiths and backgrounds to appreciate its unique heritage. More recently, in 2020, it was reconverted into a mosque.

Visiting the Hagia Sophia offers you a unique opportunity to walk through layers of history, making it undeniably one of the best places to visit in Istanbul. You can observe the intricate interplay of Christian mosaics, some dating back to the 9th century, alongside grand Islamic calligraphy. Look for the stunning Deësis mosaic depicting Christ, the Virgin Mary, and John the Baptist, and the vibrant Empress Zoe mosaic in the upper gallery. The sheer scale of the main hall, illuminated by countless windows, creates an ethereal atmosphere. An interesting fact is that the building's massive dome was a significant architectural challenge; its original design collapsed twice before the current, more stable version was completed. The building's enduring presence has influenced countless mosques and churches throughout the region, including the nearby Blue Mosque. After your visit, consider a short stroll to the nearby Seven Hills Restaurant, renowned for its rooftop terrace offering breathtaking panoramic views of both the Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque, a perfect spot to reflect on the historical wonders you've just experienced.

As you explore, pay close attention to the details that tell the story of its transformations: the faint outlines of Christian frescoes peeking through plaster, the massive calligraphic roundels bearing the names of Allah, Prophet Muhammad, and the first four caliphs, and the ancient marble floors worn smooth by millions of footsteps.

The Suleymaniye Mosque, perched majestically on the Third Hill of Istanbul, stands as a profound testament to the grandeur of the Ottoman Empire and the architectural genius of Mimar Sinan. Commissioned by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, this imperial mosque, completed in 1557, represents the pinnacle of classical Ottoman architecture. Its strategic location offers you breathtaking panoramic views of the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus, and the sprawling city, making it an unmissable landmark. As you approach, you'll be struck by its harmonious proportions and the elegant cascade of domes and minarets that define Istanbul's iconic skyline. This masterpiece was not merely a place of worship but the heart of a vast complex, designed to serve the community with a hospital, madrasas (religious schools), a public bath, a caravanserai, and an imaret (public kitchen) that provided meals for the poor.

Stepping inside the Suleymaniye Mosque, you are enveloped in an atmosphere of serene beauty and spiritual tranquility. The interior is a symphony of light and space, illuminated by numerous windows adorned with exquisite stained glass. Admire the intricate Iznik tiles, the delicate calligraphy, and the impressive mihrab and minbar, all meticulously crafted to inspire awe. Exploring this architectural marvel is one of the most enriching things to do in Istanbul, offering a deep dive into the city's rich history and cultural heritage. Within the mosque complex, you can also visit the octagonal mausoleums of Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent and his beloved wife, Hurrem Sultan, providing a poignant connection to the powerful figures who shaped this empire. The mosque's enduring structure has withstood numerous earthquakes and fires over centuries, a testament to Mimar Sinan's engineering prowess.

Beyond the mosque itself, take time to wander through its peaceful courtyards and gardens, soaking in the incredible vistas. From here, you can gaze across the historic peninsula, observing the vibrant life of the city below. The Suleymaniye Mosque is conveniently located near the bustling Grand Bazaar and Spice Bazaar, allowing you to easily combine your visit with an exploration of Istanbul's most famous markets. After immersing yourself in history, you might stroll down to the Spice Bazaar area and discover the famous Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi coffee shop, where you can savor freshly ground Turkish coffee, a true local delight. This area also boasts numerous traditional eateries where you can sample authentic Turkish cuisine.

The Dolmabahçe Palace stands majestically on the European shoreline of the Bosphorus, serving as a stunning testament to the opulence and changing times of the late Ottoman Empire. Commissioned by Sultan Abdülmecid I in the mid-19th century, this grand edifice replaced the more traditional Topkapı Palace as the primary imperial residence and administrative center. Its construction, spanning from 1843 to 1856, was a monumental undertaking, blending elements of Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassical styles with traditional Ottoman architecture, creating a unique and lavish aesthetic. The palace’s name, “Dolmabahçe,” translates to “filled garden,” referring to the land it was built upon, which was originally a small bay filled in during the 18th century to create an imperial garden. Visiting this palace offers a profound insight into the final glorious chapter of the Ottoman sultans, showcasing their embrace of Western influences while maintaining their distinct imperial identity. It's a truly remarkable stop among the many things to do in Istanbul, providing a stark contrast to the older, more secluded imperial residences.

As you explore Dolmabahçe Palace, you'll be captivated by its sheer scale and extravagant details. The palace boasts 285 rooms, 46 halls, 6 hammams, and 68 lavatories, all adorned with an astonishing array of gold, crystal, and precious stones. A highlight is the Ceremonial Hall (Muayede Salonu), an awe-inspiring space featuring the world's largest Bohemian crystal chandelier, a gift from Queen Victoria, weighing 4.5 tons and illuminated by 750 lamps. Don't miss the Crystal Staircase, an elegant structure made of Baccarat crystal and brass, leading to the upper floors. The Harem section, where the Sultan's family resided, offers a glimpse into their private lives, with beautifully decorated rooms and courtyards. This palace also holds significant historical importance as the place where Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Turkish Republic, spent his last days and died on November 10, 1938. His room is preserved as a museum, a poignant reminder of his legacy. The palace's design and furnishings reflect the immense wealth and ambition of the Ottoman sultans, who sought to rival the grand palaces of Europe.

Beyond the lavish interiors, the palace grounds are equally impressive. Stroll through the meticulously manicured gardens, which offer breathtaking views of the Bosphorus. You'll also find the Dolmabahçe Clock Tower, a beautiful structure designed by the Armenian architect Sarkis Balyan, who also worked on the palace itself. For a delightful break after your visit, consider a short walk to the nearby Kabataş area, where you can find charming cafes and restaurants along the waterfront, perfect for savoring Turkish tea or a meal with a view of the strait. Alternatively, the vibrant Beşiktaş district, just a stone's throw away, offers a plethora of local eateries and shops, allowing you to immerse yourself further in Istanbul's contemporary culture.

The Blue Mosque, officially known as the Sultan Ahmed Mosque, stands as an iconic masterpiece of Ottoman architecture in the heart of Istanbul. Commissioned by Sultan Ahmed I between 1609 and 1616, this grand imperial mosque was designed to rival the splendor of the nearby Hagia Sophia, symbolizing the power and piety of the Ottoman Empire. Its striking silhouette, adorned with six slender minarets and a cascade of domes, dominates the city's skyline, especially when viewed from the Bosphorus. Upon entering, you are immediately enveloped by a breathtaking display of over 20,000 handmade Iznik tiles that adorn its interior walls, featuring intricate floral and geometric patterns in vibrant shades of blue, green, and white. These exquisite tiles give the mosque its popular moniker, creating a serene and ethereal atmosphere that truly sets it apart. The mosque's vast courtyard, one of the largest of all Ottoman mosques, offers a magnificent perspective of its exterior, inviting you to pause and appreciate its scale before stepping inside.

As you explore the Blue Mosque, you'll notice the meticulous craftsmanship evident in every detail, from the stained-glass windows that filter natural light into the vast prayer hall to the intricately carved marble Mihrab (prayer niche) and Minbar (pulpit). Visiting this architectural marvel is undoubtedly one of the essential things to do in Istanbul, offering a profound insight into the city's rich history and religious heritage. Its strategic location places it directly opposite the Hagia Sophia, allowing you to easily compare and contrast these two monumental structures that define Istanbul's historical peninsula. Adjacent to the mosque, you can also explore the ancient Hippodrome, once the vibrant center of Byzantine public life, now a charming park surrounded by historical monuments. Remember to dress modestly, covering your shoulders and knees, and women should cover their heads, as this is an active place of worship.

An interesting fact about the Blue Mosque is the story behind its six minarets. Legend has it that Sultan Ahmed I intended to have "altın minareler" (golden minarets), but the architect misheard, building "altı minareler" (six minarets) instead. While likely apocryphal, this tale adds to the mosque's mystique. To complete your visit, consider a stroll through the nearby Arasta Bazaar, a charming, less crowded market where you can find authentic Turkish carpets, ceramics, and souvenirs.

The Princes' Islands, known locally as Adalar, offer a serene and captivating escape from the vibrant hustle of Istanbul. This enchanting archipelago in the Sea of Marmara is a true hidden gem, inviting you to step back in time to an era where horse-drawn carriages and bicycles were the primary modes of transport – a tradition largely maintained today with the recent introduction of electric vehicles replacing the traditional phaetons. Historically, these islands served as a place of exile for Byzantine princes, empresses, and patriarchs, which is how they earned their regal name. Later, during the Ottoman period, they transformed into a favored summer retreat for the city's wealthy elite, who built magnificent wooden mansions that still adorn the hillsides, showcasing a unique blend of late Ottoman and Victorian architectural styles.

When considering things to do in Istanbul, a day trip to the Princes' Islands is an absolute must for anyone seeking tranquility and a glimpse into a different facet of Turkish life. Each of the four main islands – Büyükada, Heybeliada, Burgazada, and Kınalıada – possesses its own distinct charm. On Büyükada, the largest and most popular island, you can explore the historic Aya Yorgi Church (St. George's Church), perched atop its highest hill, offering breathtaking panoramic views of the surrounding islands and the Istanbul skyline. This island also famously hosted Leon Trotsky during his exile from the Soviet Union for four years in the late 1920s and early 1930s, adding a fascinating layer to its rich history. On Heybeliada, you might visit the historic Halki Seminary, a significant Greek Orthodox theological school.

To truly savor the island experience, rent a bicycle or simply stroll along the car-free streets, admiring the beautifully preserved mansions and lush pine forests. You'll find charming local cafes and seafood restaurants where you can indulge in fresh catches of the day or enjoy a traditional Turkish tea. The islands are perfect for leisurely walks, cycling, or, in the warmer months, swimming in the clear waters. The unique atmosphere, free from the noise and pollution of city traffic, allows for a truly relaxing and immersive experience. Time your visit during spring or autumn for pleasant weather, or embrace the summer for a refreshing dip in the sea.

The Bosphorus Tour offers an unparalleled journey through the heart of Istanbul, allowing you to glide along the legendary strait that separates Europe and Asia. This natural waterway has been a vital artery for millennia, serving as a strategic crossroads for empires from the Romans and Byzantines to the Ottomans. As you embark on this scenic cruise, you'll gain a unique perspective on the city's rich history and vibrant present, witnessing a captivating blend of ancient monuments and modern marvels. It's truly one of the most iconic Istanbul attractions, providing a fresh vantage point away from the bustling streets.

From the deck of your boat, you'll marvel at the opulent Dolmabahçe Palace, a grand 19th-century imperial residence that showcases the lavish tastes of the late Ottoman sultans, and the elegant Ortaköy Mosque, a neo-baroque masterpiece perched right on the water's edge. Further along, the formidable stone walls of the Rumeli Fortress, built by Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror in the 15th century to control the strait before the conquest of Constantinople, stand as a testament to the city's strategic importance. You'll also pass under the impressive Bosphorus Bridges, including the 15 July Martyrs Bridge and the Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge, which physically link two continents, symbolizing Istanbul's unique geographical position. Keep an eye out for the charming "yalı," the historic wooden waterside mansions that line both shores, many of which have fascinating stories and have been home to prominent families for centuries. The Maiden's Tower, a small islet fortress with a romantic legend, also makes a picturesque appearance, adding to the mystique of the journey.

This immersive experience allows you to appreciate the stark yet harmonious contrast between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul, each boasting its own distinct character and architectural styles. The tour provides a tranquil escape, letting you soak in the panoramic views and the gentle sea breeze. After your cruise, consider disembarking in the lively Ortaköy neighborhood, a popular spot known for its vibrant square, street food vendors selling delicious kumpir (baked potatoes) and waffles, and charming cafes like House Cafe Ortaköy, perfect for unwinding with a cup of Turkish tea or coffee while reflecting on the stunning sights you've just witnessed.

The Galata Tower stands majestically in the Galata district of Istanbul, a striking cylindrical landmark that has dominated the city's skyline for centuries. Originally constructed in 1348 by the Genoese as the Christea Turris, or "Tower of Christ," it served as the pinnacle of their fortified colony in Galata, offering a strategic vantage point over the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus. This impressive stone tower, reaching nearly 67 meters (220 feet) in height, has witnessed the ebb and flow of empires, from its Genoese origins to its integration into the Ottoman Empire after the conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed II. Over the centuries, it has adapted its role, serving as a watchtower for fires, a prison, and even an astronomical observatory during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. Its most famous anecdote involves Hezarfen Ahmet Çelebi, a legendary Ottoman aviator who, in the 17th century, is said to have glided from the tower across the Bosphorus to Üsküdar on the Asian side, a feat that continues to capture the imagination and highlights the tower's historical significance as a symbol of ambition and innovation.

Visiting the Galata Tower is one of the essential things to do in Istanbul, offering an unparalleled opportunity to immerse yourself in the city's rich history while enjoying breathtaking panoramic views. Ascend to the observation deck, and you'll be rewarded with a spectacular 360-degree vista that encompasses the historic peninsula, the shimmering waters of the Bosphorus, the bustling Golden Horn, and the distant minarets of Sultanahmet. You can easily spot iconic landmarks like the Hagia Sophia, the Blue Mosque, and Topkapi Palace from this elevated perspective, providing a unique geographical context to your explorations. Inside, the tower now functions as a museum, where you can delve deeper into its past through various exhibits detailing its construction, its different uses throughout history, and the lives of those who once inhabited or worked within its walls.

Beyond the tower itself, the vibrant Galata neighborhood beckons with its bohemian charm. Stroll through its narrow, cobblestone streets, discovering an array of independent boutiques, art galleries, and cozy cafes. This area is a treasure trove for those seeking unique souvenirs or a quiet spot to enjoy a Turkish coffee. For a delightful culinary experience, consider exploring the eateries around the tower, such as the popular Galata Konak Cafe known for its stunning views; many offer rooftop terraces perfect for savoring local delicacies. The area is also home to the historic Kamondo Stairs, an architectural marvel, and is just a short walk from the bustling Istiklal Avenue, making it a perfect starting point for further adventures in Istanbul.

The Fatih Mosque stands as a monumental testament to the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople, located prominently in Istanbul's historic Fatih district. Commissioned by Sultan Mehmed II, famously known as Mehmed the Conqueror, this grand imperial mosque was the first major mosque built in the city after its capture in 1453. Its original construction, completed between 1463 and 1470, was a symbol of the new Ottoman capital's power and a direct reflection of the sultan's vision for a thriving, Islamic city. While the current structure you see today is largely a reconstruction from the late 18th century, following a devastating earthquake in 1766, it meticulously preserves the spirit and grandeur of its predecessor. The original architect was Atik Sinan, though the mosque was rebuilt in the Ottoman Baroque style by Mimar Mehmet Tahir Ağa. Visiting the Fatih Mosque offers a profound insight into the city's rich past and its enduring spiritual heart.

This magnificent complex, or külliye, was far more than just a place of worship; it was a self-sufficient urban center designed to serve the community. It originally encompassed a hospital, a caravanserai, a public kitchen (imaret), a market (arasta), a library, a Turkish bath (hamam), and eight madrasas (Islamic schools), making it a vibrant hub of education, social welfare, and commerce during the Ottoman Empire. Exploring the Fatih Mosque and its surrounding area is one of the most authentic things to do in Istanbul, allowing you to step away from the more tourist-heavy zones and immerse yourself in local life. Within the mosque's courtyard, you'll find the türbe, or tomb, of Sultan Mehmed II himself, a site of great reverence and a significant pilgrimage destination for many. This historical depth, combined with the mosque's architectural beauty, makes it a compelling visit.

Wandering through the Fatih district around the mosque, you'll discover a truly local atmosphere, distinct from other parts of Istanbul. The area is renowned for its traditional markets, particularly the bustling Fatih Bazaar (also known as Çarşamba Pazarı), which operates on Wednesdays and offers everything from fresh produce to textiles and household goods. While there isn't a globally recognized fashion store or specific high-end cafe directly adjacent, the district is dotted with numerous authentic Turkish eateries (lokantas) and local bakeries (börekçis) where you can savor traditional flavors like iskender kebap or freshly baked su böreği, providing a genuine taste of Istanbul's culinary heritage. The mosque's serene interior, with its impressive dome and intricate calligraphy, invites quiet contemplation, while the lively exterior offers a glimpse into the daily rhythms of a deeply rooted community.

The Topkapi Palace, nestled on the historic Sarajevo Point overlooking the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn, served as the magnificent primary residence and administrative headquarters for the Ottoman sultans for nearly 400 years, from the mid-15th to the mid-19th century. Constructed by Sultan Mehmed II shortly after his conquest of Constantinople in 1453, this sprawling complex is far more than just a palace; it is a city within a city, a testament to the immense power, wealth, and intricate daily life of one of history's greatest empires. As you step through its imposing gates, you are transported back to an era where sultans like Suleiman the Magnificent ruled vast territories, and the fate of nations was decided within these very walls. The palace's design, a series of four main courtyards and numerous smaller buildings, reflects the hierarchical structure of the Ottoman court, with each section serving a distinct purpose, from state affairs to the private lives of the imperial family.

Exploring the Topkapi Palace is an essential part of understanding what to see in Istanbul, offering unparalleled insights into the Ottoman Empire's heart. Wander through the Imperial Harem, a labyrinthine section where hundreds of concubines, wives, and children of the sultan resided, managed by the powerful Valide Sultan (Queen Mother). This area, often shrouded in mystery and intrigue, reveals the complex social dynamics and strict protocols that governed the lives of its inhabitants. Don't miss the Imperial Treasury, home to an astonishing collection of jewels, including the legendary Spoonmaker's Diamond, one of the world's largest, and the exquisite Topkapi Dagger, adorned with three large emeralds. The Holy Relics chamber houses sacred artifacts, including the cloak of the Prophet Muhammad, offering a profound spiritual experience. You can also visit the Imperial Council Hall (Divan-ı Hümayun), where state affairs were discussed, and the vast Palace Kitchens, which once fed thousands daily, providing a glimpse into the logistical marvels of the imperial household.

Beyond the historical grandeur, the palace grounds offer breathtaking panoramic views of the Bosphorus, providing a perfect backdrop for reflection on the empire's maritime power. After your immersive journey through Ottoman history, consider a visit to Hafiz Mustafa 1864, a renowned traditional Turkish sweets and coffee shop located conveniently close in Sultanahmet. Savor authentic Turkish delights, baklava, or a cup of Turkish coffee, a sweet conclusion to your exploration of the imperial past.

The Basilica Cistern, known locally as Yerebatan Sarnıcı, invites you into an extraordinary subterranean world beneath the bustling streets of Istanbul. Constructed in the 6th century by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian I, this colossal underground reservoir was designed to supply water to the Great Palace and other imperial buildings during a period of significant urban development. It stands as the largest and most impressive of the hundreds of ancient cisterns that lie hidden beneath the city, a testament to the advanced engineering capabilities of the Byzantine Empire. As you descend into its cool, dimly lit depths, you are immediately transported to a different era, a serene escape from the vibrant energy of modern Istanbul above.

Within this vast underground chamber, you will discover a forest of 336 marble columns, each standing nine meters tall and meticulously arranged in 12 rows of 28. Many of these columns are "spolia," recycled from earlier Roman structures, showcasing a fascinating blend of architectural styles and historical reuse. The soft, atmospheric lighting illuminates the ancient brickwork and the shallow water at your feet, often home to schools of fish, creating a truly mystical ambiance. A highlight for many visitors, and a unique element of what to see in Istanbul, are the two Medusa Head bases located at the far end of the cistern. One is inverted, the other turned sideways, their origins shrouded in mystery. Legend suggests they were placed this way to negate the Gorgon's petrifying gaze, or perhaps they were simply repurposed from an older building and fitted in the most convenient way possible. Another intriguing feature is the "Crying Column," adorned with tear-like carvings, said to commemorate the hundreds of slaves who perished during the cistern's arduous construction.

Visiting the Basilica Cistern offers a unique perspective on Istanbul's rich history, allowing you to walk through a space that has silently served the city for over a millennium. It provides a tranquil respite, especially on a warm day, and its captivating atmosphere has even made it a popular filming location, notably appearing in the James Bond film From Russia with Love and Dan Brown's Inferno. After exploring this ancient marvel, you might find yourself just a short stroll away from Hagia Sophia and the Blue Mosque, making it an ideal part of your historical peninsula itinerary.

The Spice Bazaar, known locally as Mısır Çarşısı or the Egyptian Bazaar, stands as one of Istanbul's most vibrant and historically significant covered markets. Completed in 1664, this L-shaped bazaar was originally part of the New Mosque (Yeni Cami) complex, built to fund the mosque's upkeep through the taxation of goods, particularly those arriving from Egypt. For centuries, it served as the city's primary hub for the spice trade, a crucial stop along the ancient Silk Road routes that connected East and West. Stepping inside, you are immediately enveloped by a kaleidoscope of colors and an intoxicating symphony of aromas, from exotic spices like saffron and sumac to fragrant Turkish delight, dried fruits, nuts, and a vast array of herbal teas. This sensory immersion offers a unique glimpse into Istanbul's rich commercial past and its enduring connection to global trade.

Beyond the aromatic delights, the Spice Bazaar is a testament to Ottoman architecture and urban planning. Its vaulted ceilings and intricate details reflect the grandeur of its era. While exploring what to see in Istanbul, a visit here provides not just shopping opportunities but also a chance to observe local life and the timeless art of bargaining. You'll find vendors passionately showcasing their wares, from traditional remedies and essential oils to exquisite Turkish coffee sets and souvenirs. An interesting historical note is that the bazaar initially functioned more as a specialized pharmacy and drugstore market before evolving into the general spice and food market it is today. Its proximity to the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus also made it a strategic point for goods arriving by sea.

To truly complete your experience, consider a visit to the renowned Kurukahveci Mehmet Efendi coffee shop, located just outside one of the bazaar's main entrances. Here, you can savor freshly ground Turkish coffee, a perfect complement to the bazaar's sweet treats. The Spice Bazaar offers a captivating journey through history and culture, inviting you to engage all your senses and take home a piece of Istanbul's vibrant heritage.